JAPAN’S SOVEREIGNTY: BETWEEN INDEPENDENCE AND DEPENDENCY POST-WORLD WAR II

Abstract

Japan’s post-war history exemplifies a remarkable transformation marked by resilience and adaptability. Following its defeat in World War II, the U.S.-led occupation imposed significant constraints, including the adoption of Article 9 in Japan’s constitution, which renounced war and prohibited the maintenance of armed forces. The U.S.-Japan Security Treaty further entrenched Japan’s dependency by establishing American military bases across its territory. While these measures aimed to ensure stability and prevent militarism, they significantly restricted Japan’s sovereignty, setting it apart from other Axis powers like Germany and Italy, which were allowed greater autonomy and rearmament. Despite these limitations, Japan has emerged as a global leader in economic development, technological innovation, and diplomacy. Its pacifist stance allowed it to channel resources into growth, while its adherence to international norms and contributions to global peacekeeping established its reputation as a responsible international actor. However, the enduring restrictions of Article 9 and the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty have led to critiques that Japan remains a quasi-colony of the United States, with constrained autonomy in defense and foreign policy. This study critically examines Japan’s post-war trajectory, highlighting the impact of imposed frameworks on its sovereignty and exploring pathways for reclaiming full autonomy. It argues for the revision of Article 9 and a restructured U.S.-Japan Security Treaty to align Japan’s constitutional and strategic frameworks with contemporary geopolitical realities. Recognizing Japan’s sovereignty is essential not only for its national interests but also as a step toward creating a more equitable and balanced international order. Such recognition honours Japan’s peaceful post-war legacy and acknowledges its contributions to global stability and development.

Keywords: Japan, Sovereignty, Article 9, U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, Post-war reconstruction, Peaceful development, Military dependence, International relations