CYBERSECURITY LEGISLATION AND GLOBAL STANDARDS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PAKISTAN'S PECA 2016 AND UN GUIDELINES ON DISINFORMATION

Abstract

This study examines Pakistan’s Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) 2016 through the lens of the United Nations’ guidelines on countering disinformation. It focuses on the relationship between cybersecurity and human rights. By employing Finnemore and Hollis’ norm construction theory, the research evaluates the selective adoption of global norms by Pakistan and how the country prioritizes state security over individual freedoms. Using a qualitative content analysis, the study assesses PECA’s alignment with UN standards on freedom of expression, transparency, and proportionality. The findings reveal that while PECA demonstrates strong cybersecurity provisions, its restrictive language and broad enforcement mechanisms limit adherence to international norms. This potentially leads to self-censorship and a “chilling effect” on free expression. This selective alignment highlights the influence of Pakistan’s sociopolitical and security priorities on norm adoption thereby reflecting challenges in balancing digital rights with national security. The research highlights the need for policy reforms such as clearer legal definitions, enhanced transparency, and proportionate enforcement to align PECA with international standards. The study provides insights into the intricacies of integrating international norms into national regulatory frameworks. It aims to contribute to broader discussions on governance in the digital age.

Keywords: PECA 2016, Disinformation Regulation, Freedom of Expression, Media Governance